$Page Panner $TargetName Panner *Making a panner* Seemingly simple, a panner amplifies the left and right channels differently. For a fully left or fully right panning, the amplitude of one channel is muted and the other unaffected. But for values where both are heard, a choice can be made about how the panner behaves. Compare the different panning modes: "Linear" ensures a global amplitude of 0 dB, but suffers from the "hole-in-the-middle" effect. "Equal" (for equal power) and "Cosine" both ensure constant power, at the cost of a +3 dB boost at the center position. Panner.png -> To achieve a cosine amplitude fade, [cycle~]'s phase inlet is controlled by a signal. With its frequency at 0 and its phase set to a constant value, [cycle~] is essentially an interpolated lookup table for cosine values, which is slightly more efficient than using [cos~]. -> To support users who want to be fully free in determining the volumes of the left and right audio channels, Live offers a Split Stereo Pan Mode on its track mixer. This would be very straightforward to implement in Max. When crossfading between audio signals, the same fading techniques as in this panner are relevant. For instance, have a look at $Link Live's crossfader modes .